Impact of Air Pollution on the Incidence of Respiratory Diseases in Urban Populations

Abstract

Air pollution constitutes one of the major environmental threats to public health, particularly in urban populations continuously exposed to particulate matter and chemical substances originating from transport, industrial activities, energy generation and other emission sources. Its presence in the urban environment contributes to respiratory disorders whose frequency and severity depend on pollutant concentrations, duration of exposure, meteorological conditions and individual susceptibility. The available scientific evidence makes it possible to characterise the impact of major pollutants on the incidence of respiratory diseases and to identify the factors that increase population vulnerability. A documentary review with a quantitative approach and descriptive scope was conducted, following the PRISMA guidelines for the identification, selection and analysis of scientific publications. The findings revealed a higher frequency of respiratory symptoms, exacerbation of chronic diseases, impaired lung function, and increased medical consultations and hospital admissions. These effects were more pronounced among children, older adults and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, while environmental, territorial and socioeconomic factors influenced levels of exposure and risk.